Myanmar represents one of the world’s most challenging financial crime environments, combining political instability, weak institutions, and extensive criminal economies. The 2021 military coup fundamentally altered the country’s risk profile, creating a governance vacuum that criminal networks have exploited across multiple sectors.
The collapse of democratic institutions has coincided with the dramatic expansion of cyber-enabled scam operations, particularly in border regions controlled by ethnic armed organisations. These sophisticated criminal enterprises generate billions of dollars annually whilst operating with near-impunity in areas beyond government control. The integration of traditional criminal economies—including methamphetamine production and wildlife trafficking—with emerging cyber-crime presents unprecedented money laundering challenges.
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