According to Earth.org, a monitoring exercise by Indigenous peoples and local communities in Indonesia has revealed widespread fraud and forgery in the country's "certified legal" timber industry. The Indonesian Independent Forest Monitoring Network (JPIK) and PPLH Mangkubumi found numerous cases of illegal logging, record manipulation, forged export certificates, and bribery. Illegal practices were discovered throughout the supply chain, from logging companies to woodworking shops and exporters. Firstly, it was found that logging companies were cutting down trees outside their legally permitted concessions. These trees were tagged with legality certificates to falsely declare that the wood came from within the permitted areas. In North Maluku's Central Halmahera district, logging companies used legal documents from local landowners to cover illegally logged timber. Some companies even paid locals to perform illegal logging on their behalf, thereby distancing themselves from direct involvement. In terms of exports, several exporting companies in Central Java sold forged legal documents, known as v-legal certificates, to furniture companies lacking required certificates. This fraud enabled the export of uncertified wood products. These forged certificates were sold for 2 million to 8 million rupiah ($140 to $560) per container, making it a lucrative illegal business.