In Colombia's Guaviare department, the nomadic Indigenous tribe Nukak Maku is currently endangered by illegal palm oil plantations, coca cultivation, and cattle ranching . The tribe first made contact with the outside world in 1988, and since then, the incursion of external activities has pushed them to the brink of physical and cultural extinction. Indeed, despite their territory being an officially recognised Indigenous reservation, the Nukak have been losing their home to illicit activities. Deforestation and land grabs are driven by criminal groups and former settlers transforming the land for agricultural use. Illegal palm oil plantations have spread in the Guaviare region, encroaching on the reservation. In the past, the region was also heavily affected by armed conflict involving paramilitary groups and guerrillas, further displacing the Nukak people. Despite legal protections and court orders aimed at curbing deforestation and environmental crimes, enforcement has been weak, and illegal activities continue to threaten the Nukak's territory.